When planning your treatment, it is important to take into account is the stage (extent) of the cancer. But you and your cancer care team will also want to think about your age, general state of health, and personal preferences.

It may be a good idea to get a second opinion, especially from a doctor experienced in treating liver cancer. A second opinion can give you more information and help you feel more confident about the treatment plan that you pick. Some insurance companies want a second opinion before they will agree to pay for certain treatments. Almost all will pay for the second opinion.

Surgery

At this time surgery offers the only likely chance to cure liver cancer. Surgery is done either to remove the tumor or do a liver transplant. If all of the cancer that the surgeon can see at the time of the operation can be removed, you have the best outlook for survival. But complete removal of most liver cancers is not possible. Often the cancer is large, is found in many different parts of the liver, or has spread beyond the liver. Also, many people with cirrhosis do not have enough healthy liver left to make surgery an option.

Risks and side effects of surgery

People with liver cancer often have damage to the other parts of their liver. Surgeons have to remove enough of the liver to try to get all of the cancer, yet leave enough behind for the liver to work the way it needs to.

Bleeding after surgery is a major concern. On top of this, the liver normally makes substances that help the blood clot. Damage to the liver (both before the surgery and during the surgery itself) can add to possible bleeding problems. Another concern is that because the remaining liver still contains the disease damage that led to the cancer, sometimes a new liver cancer can develop later.

Liver transplant

A liver transplant is an option for people with small liver cancers. For now, transplant is saved for those with a few small tumors that cannot be totally removed, either because of the location of the tumors or because not enough normal liver remains.

Not many livers are available for patients with cancer because they are most often used for more curable diseases. Patients often must wait a long time, often too long, for a liver to be found. For this reason, some doctors suggest a limited resection first and then a transplant if the cancer comes back.

Increased awareness about organ donation is a crucial public health goal that could make this treatment available to more patients with liver cancer and other serious liver diseases.

Another option that has been used in recent years is having a living donor give a part of their liver for transplant to a close relative. This can work, but it carries risk for the donor. About 300 living donor transplants are done in the United States each year. Only a small percent are for people with liver cancer.

Possible risks and side effects of a liver transplant

People who get a liver transplant have to be given drugs to help suppress the immune system and prevent the body from rejecting the new organ. These drugs have their own risks and side effects, especially the risk of getting serious infections. Some of the drugs used to prevent rejection can also cause other health problems. Future medical advances are expected to reduce the risk of rejection and the harsh side effects.

Tumor ablation and embolization

Ablation refers to a local treatment that destroys the tumor without removing it. There are a number of different ways to do this. These treatments are usually used for patients with only a few small tumors that cannot be taken out with surgery. They are not meant to cure the cancer but can allow people to live longer.

Embolization is another treatment for tumors that cannot be removed. A material is put in the artery that carries blood to the tumor. This blocks the blood flow and makes it harder for the tumor to grow.

Chemoembolization involves combining embolization with chemotherapy. Studies are now going on to see if this works better than embolization alone.

Radioembolization combines embolization with radiation therapy. It is done by injecting small radioactive beads or oils into the artery that feeds the liver. This allows small amounts of radiation to only get at the tumor sites. These techniques are still fairly new and are discussed in more detail in the section “What’s new in liver cancer research?”

Radiation treatment

Radiation therapy is treatment that uses high-energy rays (such as x-rays) to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. External beam radiation delivers radiation from outside the body to the cancer. Liver cancer cells can be killed by radiation, but this treatment can’t be used at very high doses because normal liver tissue is killed, too. This type of radiation may be used to shrink a liver tumor or to give relief from symptoms like pain, but it does not cure the liver cancer and usually does not help people live longer.

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) is a newer type of external-beam radiation treatment. It uses computers to map the exact location of a tumor. This lowers the damage to normal tissue and allows higher doses to be used. When available, this approach is usually preferred over standard radiation treatment.

Possible side effects of radiation treatment

Side effects of radiation treatment might include sunburn-like skin problems at the place where the radiation enters the body, nausea, vomiting, and tiredness. Often these go away after treatment. Radiation might also make chemo side effects worse.

Targeted therapy

As researchers have learned more about the changes in cells that cause cancer, they have been able develop newer drugs that are aimed at these changes. Targeted drugs do not work the same as standard chemo drugs (which are described in the next section). They often have different, and less severe, side effects.

Like chemo these drugs enter the bloodstream and go throughout the body. This makes them useful against cancers that have spread to distant organs. Because chemo has not worked well in most patients with liver cancer, doctors have begun testing and using targeted therapies.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (often called “chemo”) is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Usually the drugs are given into a vein or by mouth. Once the drugs get in the blood, they spread throughout the body. This makes them useful for cancer that has spread to distant organs.

Liver cancer does not respond to most chemo drugs. The drugs that have worked best are doxorubicin (Adriamycin®) 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin. But most studies have not shown that chemo helps liver cancer patients to live longer.

Possible side effects of chemo

Chemo can have side effects like these:

• mouth sores
• loss of appetite
• hair loss
• nausea and vomiting
• a higher chance of infection (from a shortage of white blood cells)
• easy bleeding or bruising (from a shortage of blood platelets)
• tiredness and shortness of breath (from low red blood cell counts)

Most side effects go away once treatment is over. If you have side effects, be sure to tell your doctor or nurse. There are often ways to help.

Liver cancer survival rates

Only a small number of liver cancers are found in the early stages and can be removed with surgery. The 5-year survival rate for patients with resectable early stage cancer is in the range of 30% to 60%. This percentage drops for more advanced cancers or with more severe liver disease.

The 5-year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients who live at least 5 years after their cancer is diagnosed. Five-year rates are used to produce a standard way of discussing prognosis. Of course, some people live much longer than 5 years.

The 5-year survival rate for people with cancer that has spread widely throughout the liver or to distant sites is less than 5%, and the average survival time is often measured in months.

The overall 5-year survival rate from liver cancer is less than 10%. Part of the reason for this low survival rate is that most patients with liver cancer also have other liver problems such as cirrhosis, which itself can be fatal.

Each person is different

While numbers provide an overall picture, keep in mind that every person’s situation is unique and statistics can’t predict exactly what will happen in your case. Talk with your cancer care team if you have questions about your personal chances of a cure, or how long you might survive your cancer. They know your situation best

The prostate is normally about 3 cm long (slightly more than 1 inch) and lies at the neck of the bladder and in front of the rectum.

The prostate surrounds the urethra, which is a tubular structure that carries sperm and urine out of the penis.

It produces a thin, milky fluid that is added to the sperm at the time of ejaculation.

Older men often have an enlarged prostate, which is a noncancerous condition called benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) that causes urinary symptoms.
Cancer occurs when normal cells undergo a transformation in which they grow and multiply without normal controls.

As the cells multiply, they form a mass called a tumor.

Tumors are cancerous only if they are malignant. This means that they invade neighboring tissues because of their uncontrolled growth.

They may also travel to remote organs via the bloodstream.

This process of invading and spreading to other organs is called metastasis.

Tumors overwhelm surrounding tissues by invading their space and taking the oxygen and nutrients they need to survive and function.
Almost all prostate cancers arise from the secretory glandular cells in the prostate. Cancer arising from a glandular cell is known as adenocarcinoma. Therefore, almost all prostatic cancers are prostatic adenocarcinomas.
In the United States, cancer of the prostate is a common malignant cancer in men, second only to lung cancer. About 200,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, and about 30,000 men die of the disease each year.

Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system

Prostate Cancer Symptoms

Most men with prostate cancer have no symptoms. This is particularly true of early prostate cancer.

• Most prostate cancers are discovered incidentally when a digital rectal exam is performed.
• A digital rectal exam is part of a thorough regular health examination. Digital refers to finger.
• During the digital rectal exam, the examiner inserts a gloved and lubricated finger in the rectum to feel the prostate for abnormalities.

Symptoms usually appear when the tumor causes some degree of urinary blockage at the bladder neck or the urethra.

• The usual symptoms include difficulty in starting and stopping the urinary stream, increase in frequency of urination, and painwhile urinating.
• The urinary stream may be diminished (urinary retention), or it may simply dribble out.
• Even after urination, there is a sense of bladder fullness because the bladder has not been fully emptied.

Less common symptoms are blood in the urine (hematuria), painful ejaculation, orimpotence (inability to have an erection).

• These 3 symptoms are uncommon in early stages of the disease. They usually occur when the cancer is advanced.
• As the cancer advances to cause a greater blockage, bladder function may deteriorate further.
• Men with such advanced cancers sometimes experience recurring urinary tractinfections.

Despite these symptoms, many men do not seek medical care until the cancer has spread. Symptoms of metastatic disease include fatigue, malaise, and weight loss. Spread to the bones causes deep bone pain, especially in the hips and back, and bone fractures from weakening of the bone.

Prostate Cancer Treatment Options:

Prostate Seed Implant – Minimally invasive surgery lasts 1-2 hours with a possible overnight stay; most return to normal activities in a few days.

Salvage Chemotherapy – Chemotherapy is administered orally, or by a computerized pump, or by frequent injections at a doctor’s office.

Minimally Invasive Surgery – Cryosurgery takes about 2 hours with a possible overnight admission.

Shrinking the Prostate – Surgical castration patients return home the day of the surgery. Treatment is given orally or by injection.

Radiation Treatment – Radiation therapy generally requires 5 treatments per week over 6-8 weeks.

Prostate Removal – Length of prostatectomy surgeries, recovery times, and hospital stays vary according to specific prostatectomy procedure.

Monitoring and Care – Expectant therapy includes regular visits to a doctor for prostate specific antigen (PSA) tests and digital rectal exams.